Pharmacologic and Clinical Applications of Commonly Administered Medications to Neonates: Focus on Vitamin K, Vitamin D, and Hepatitis B Vaccine Un Updated Review

Abstract

Background: The neonatal period is highly susceptible, and early pharmacological treatments can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. Three commonly used neonatal interventions—vitamin K, vitamin D, and the hepatitis B vaccine—are highlighted by this review as being pharmacological in nature, clinically used, having recommended doses, and being safe.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library using MeSH terms and keywords (e.g., "vitamin K in neonates"). The literature was restricted to that published in the English language during 2015–2025 and involving human neonates.

Results: Vitamin K: The world standard is intramuscular (IM) injection of 0.5–1 mg at birth to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, although alternative oral administration is less uniform. Vitamin D: A daily dose of 400 IU is recommended for all neonates, with up to 1,000 IU in preterm or deficient infants, to prevent rickets and hypocalcemia. Hepatitis B vaccine: Early vaccination within 12–24 hours of birth is essential, especially for babies born to HBsAg-positive mothers, who should also receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG). The vaccine is highly effective and safe.

Conclusion: Vitamin K, vitamin D, and the hepatitis B vaccine are essential components of neonatal preventive care. Strengthening health systems, improving parent and healthcare worker education, and increasing access are vital for optimal outcomes.