Yemeni Journal for Medical Sciences is the official journal of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Aden - Yemen. The YJMS is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published Monthly. However, all accepted manuscripts are published online as in-press articles after their acceptance. The YJMS welcomes articles that contribute to a wide spectrum coverage of scientific work including medical, dental, pharmaceutical, public health and other biomedical disciplines from all sources. Originality, high quality and significance of the scientific content are essentially considered. Online ISSN: 2227-961X Print ISSN: 2227-9601
YJMS publishes Open Access articles under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. If author(s) submit their manuscript for consideration by YJMS, they agree to have the CC BY license applied to their work, which means that it may be reused in any form provided that the author(s) and the journal are properly cited. Under this license, author(s) also preserve the right of reusing the content of their manuscript provided that they cite the YJMS.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence among Yemeni Dental Students and Interns: A Multi-Institutional Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly entering dental education and practice, yet preparedness in low-resource settings is unclear. Objective: This study aims to assess the existing knowledge, attitude, and perception levels of incorporation of AI into dental education and practice among Yemeni students. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional survey (January–March 2023) among clinical-year dental students and interns at three Yemeni institutions (Sana’a University, University of Aden, and University of Science and Technology). A validated questionnaire assessed demographics, AI knowledge (scored items), perceptions/attitudes (Likert scales), and training needs. Descriptive statistics, χ² tests, and planned multivariable models were used; significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Of the 761 participants (mean age 24.8±4.2 years), most lived in cities and were either fifth-year students or interns. A substantial correlation (p < 0.05) was found between the participants' feelings towards artificial intelligence (AI), their degree of university education, and their interaction with online social networks. Levels of AI expertise varied among regions. Scores were significantly higher for participants residing in Sana'a and outside of Yemen compared to those from other locations (p=0.012). None of the other demographic variables significantly altered these outcomes. Conclusion: As a whole, dentistry students in Yemen have positive impressions of AI. However, their levels of comprehension varied greatly between regions, indicating that not everyone had the same exposure to and access to instructional resources about AI.
Artificial intelligence; dental education; students; perceptions; knowledge; Yemen; curriculum
Copyright (c) 2026 Yemeni Journal for Medical Sciences http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association between Mandibular Third Molar Impaction Patterns and Pathologies of the Adjacent Second Molar among a Sample of Yemeni Adults: A Radiographic Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Impacted mandibular third molars are prevalent and can result in a number of pathologic conditions of adjoining mandibular second molars, such as distal caries, periodontal bone loss, and root resorption. It is important to know the pattern of impaction and risks involved in its early diagnosis and prophylaxis. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the connection between the impaction of the mandibular third molars and the pathological alteration of second molars in the Yemeni adults. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional radiographic study of 250 panoramic radiographs from private dental clinics and image centers in Taiz, Ibb, and Sana in Yemen. Angulation (Winter classification), depth (Pell and Gregory), and related pathologies of the second molars of the impacted mandibular third molars were examined in 320 cases. Analysis of data was done through descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Results: Of the 761 participants (mean age 24.8±4.2 years), most lived in cities and were either fifth-year students or interns. A substantial correlation (p < 0.05) was found between the participants' feelings towards artificial intelligence (AI), their degree of university education, and their interaction with online social networks. Levels of AI expertise varied among regions. Scores were significantly higher for participants residing in Sana'a and outside of Yemen compared to those from other locations (p=0.012). None of the other demographic variables significantly altered these outcomes. Conclusion: Mesioangular and deeper impactions are strongly correlated with increased risk of second molar caries, alveolar bone loss, and root resorption. These complications can be minimized through early radiographic assessment and early intervention.
impacted third molar, second molar pathology, mesioangular impaction, distal caries, panoramic radiograph, Yemen.
Systemic Inflammatory and Genotoxic Effects of Shisha Smoking:A Case Control Study in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Background: Shisha smoking is linked to oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, which are vital factors in the pathophysiology and advancement of respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, as well as cancer. Objective: This study evaluated and compared systemic inflammatory biomarkers and DNA damage markers between shisha, cigarette, dual, and second-hand shisha smokers and non-smokers. Methods: A case-control study approach was employed involving 150 individuals aged between 16 and 35 years. Participants were divided into five categories: shisha smokers (n=30), cigarette smokers (n=30), dual (both) smokers (n=30), secondhand shisha smokers (n=30), and nonsmokers (n=30). Venous blood samples were obtained and assessed for systemic inflammatory and DNA damage biomarkers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), with the significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Compared with the non-smokers, the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), 8-nitroguanine (8-NO₂-Gua), and malondialdehyde were higher (p<0.05) in shisha smokers, cigarette smokers, and both smokers and secondhand smokers. Serum IL-6, CRP, 8NO₂-Gua, 4-HNE, and MDA levels were slightly higher in shisha smokers than cigarette smokers. Both smokers exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of IL-6, CRP, 8NO₂-Gua, and MDA than exclusive shisha or cigarette smokers. Conclusion: The study found that shisha and cigarette smokers had higher levels of indicators of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. It also confirmed that smoking cigarettes and shisha concurrently is more harmful than smoking either shisha or cigarettes alone.
DNA damage Marker, Systemic inflammation, shisha smoking
Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and In Vitro Anti-lithiatic Effects of Ocimum basilicum Leaves Extracts
Background: Ocimum basilicum L., commonly referred to as "Reyhan”. It has various pharmacological effects, such as anti-hypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective: In the present study, various phytochemical constituents, antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity, and in vitro anti-urolithiasis properties of Ocimum basilicum leaves were investigated. Methods: Powdered basil leaves were extracted using water, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform by the maceration method. The well-diffusion assay was employed for testing antibacterial activity. Antioxidant capacity was assessed qualitatively by the TLC autography method using two mobile phases and quantitatively by the DPPH radical-scavenging assay using ascorbic acid as a standard. The turbidity method was utilized to assess the anti-urolithiasis efficacy of cystone in vitro. Results: Phytochemical analysis indicated the existence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, amino acids, lipids, fixed oils, and carbohydrates; however, anthraquinones were absent. All extracts demonstrated antibacterial action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. An aqueous extract showed the widest diameter of inhibition zones, with S. aureus being 18.71 mm, P. aeruginosa 21.65 mm, and E. coli 20.65 mm. However, it showed very negligible action against K. pneumoniae. The qualitative antioxidant test indicated that all the extracts possessed antioxidant properties. Among these, the methanolic extract possessed the maximum quantitative antioxidant activity; vitamin C was used as a positive control. The in vitro anti-urolithiasis assay showed that the chloroform extract exhibited 61.86% inhibition of crystal formation. Conclusion: Leaves of Ocimum basilicum exhibited marked antioxidant and antibacterial potentials. The plant also exhibited significant anti-urolithiasis property, which justifies its traditional use in herbal medicine.
Treating Bruxism-Related Muscle Spasm and Malocclusion: An Intervention Study Using Local Anesthetic without Vasoconstrictor
Background: Hyperactivity of the masticatory muscles and acute malocclusion in bruxism are problematic conditions that are usually misdiagnosed as occlusal disorders. The therapeutic efficacy of local anesthetic infiltration without a vasoconstrictor in local anesthesia cases is still dubious. Objective: To assess the clinical impact of 2% lidocaine infiltration without vasoconstrictor in bruxism-related masticatory muscle hyperactivity and acute malocclusion, and to determine the impact of dental restorations on the response of treatment. Methods: The clinical interventional study was carried out in a sample of 20 patients (29-40 years), in the form of two groups: Group A (with restorations) and Group B (without restorations), this time. Everyone was infiltrated at the deepest point of the most tender point of the masseter muscle with 2% lidocaine without vasoconstrictor. The measures were assessed using pain (VAS), muscle tenderness, and occlusal stability at baseline, 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 2-3 months. The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze the data. Results: In Group B (100%), all patients improved completely and sustained, and none in Group A responded. The difference between them was very high (χ² = 16.20, p < 0.001; Cramer’s V = 0.90). Conclusion: Local infiltration of plain lidocaine is an effective method to decrease the hyperactivity of muscles and restore the occlusal balance in acute malocclusion due to bruxism in the absence of occlusal interferences. This is an easy, inexpensive technique that can be of much use as an addition to the treatment of muscle-origin occlusal disturbances.
Bruxism, Myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome, Acute malocclusion, Lidocaine without vasoconstrictor, Occlusal interference.
Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Medical Science Students at Aljanad University for Science and Technology, Taiz, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Psychological distress is a major challenge among university students, particularly those in medical sciences, due to high academic and emotional demands. Depression, anxiety, and stress are increasingly recognized as serious concerns affecting students’ well-being and academic performance. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical science students at Aljanad University for Science and Technology in Taiz, Yemen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 students from the departments of nursing, pharmacy, medical laboratories, nutrition, and dentistry. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic, academic, and psychosocial variables. Results: The findings revealed a very high prevalence of psychological distress. All participants reported symptoms of depression and anxiety, while 98.7% experienced stress. Extremely severe anxiety was the most common condition (84.6%), followed by extremely severe depression (40%) and stress (37.6%). Higher levels of distress were significantly associated with younger age, early academic years, insomnia, lack of emotional family support, and difficulties in communication with faculty members. Dental and pharmacy students showed the highest severity levels of anxiety and depression, respectively. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety, and stress are highly prevalent among medical science students at Aljanad University for Science and Technology, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted mental health interventions and supportive academic environments.
White Blood Cells Parameters among Malnourished Children Under-Five Years, Aden-Yemen
Background: Malnutrition is still a critical public health problem among children under five, with implications for immune function and hematological parameters. Objective: This study aimed to identify abnormal WBC parameters among malnourished children under five in Aden, Yemen, and to determine the socio-demographic characteristics and other risk factors associated with abnormal WBC parameters among those children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 101 malnourished children under 5 years. The blood specimens were collected from all children, and an automated hematological analyzer was used to measure the WBC parameters. The SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results: Among 101 malnourished children, the majority were 52% females, and according to WBC parameters, leukocytosis, neutropenia, and lymphocytosis were observed at rates of 34.7%, 69.3%, and 82.2%, respectively. Elevated WBC counts were significantly associated with age group (p = 0.005), and high lymphocyte counts were linked to residence (p = 0.017), while no significant associations were found between WBC abnormalities and acute malnutrition or between low WBCs and socio-demographic characteristics and other risk factors. Conclusion: acute malnutrition remains a significant health challenge among children under five years of age, with notable sex disparities, as females were more affected. The leukocytosis, neutropenia, and lymphocytosis were noted among malnourished children. The associations were significant between leukocytosis and age groups and between lymphocytosis and residence of children. In contrast, lacking the significant differences between abnormal WBCs parameters and acute malnutrition, and between low WBCs parameters and socio-demographic characteristics and other risk factors.
Yemen, hematological parameters, malnutrition, children under five years old.
Burnout, Safety, and Job Satisfaction among Surgeons in Conflict-Affected Taiz, Yemen
Background: Surgeons work under substantial occupational stress. In conflict settings, this burden is amplified by resource shortages, long working hours, financial strain, and threats to personal safety. Data on burnout in such environments, particularly in Yemen, are scarce. Objective: To assess the prevalence of burnout and its association with workplace safety and job satisfaction among surgeons in Taiz, Yemen, during ongoing conflict. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 28 May 2025 among surgeons in public, private, and NGO hospitals in Taiz. A 35-item questionnaire included demographics, the MBI-HSS, and measures of job satisfaction and perceived safety. Burnout was evaluated using standard subscale scores. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results: Eighty surgeons participated, 55% male and 53.8% aged 31 to 40 years. Most were government hospital trainees, and 43.8% had less than five years of experience. High emotional exhaustion (EE) was present in 67.5%, high depersonalization (DP) in 15%, and low personal accomplishment (PA) in 36.3%. Overall, 70% met burnout criteria in at least one domain. PA correlated positively with job satisfaction and perceived safety, and safety correlated with job satisfaction, all p < 0.001. EE was higher among females, p = 0.032. PA increased with age, p = 0.034. No significant differences were observed by specialty, hospital type, marital status, or rank. Conclusion: Burnout is highly prevalent among surgeons in Taiz and is closely linked to safety concerns and job satisfaction. Interventions addressing workplace safety and professional fulfillment are urgently needed in conflict-affected surgical settings.
Burnout, workplace safety, job satisfaction, surgeons, conflict zone, Yemen/Taiz, healthcare workers.
Pharmaceutical Quality Evaluation of Commercial Baclofen Tablets in the Yemeni Market: An In Vitro Study
Background: For good health and improved trust in the pharmaceutical products, quality control tests must be conducted continuously for both local and imported products to ensure safety and effectiveness. Objective: To evaluate the in vitro characterization of different imported and local pharmaceutical products of the muscle relaxant (baclofen 10 mg) available in Taiz City. Methods: According to the USP standards, different quality control tests were conducted to physicochemically characterize various baclofen 10 mg tablets (one local and two imported brands) available in the Yemeni market. Results: The results of the three brands of baclofen 10 mg tablets showed that product (C) disintegrated more slowly (6.39 minutes) than products (B) and (A) (0.35 and 3.00 minutes, respectively). Every brand has a satisfactory level of friability below 1% loss. The maximum assay content (98.39%) and drug release (105%) were displayed by local product (A). Although product (B) test content was lower (88.98%), its drug release was still satisfactory (96%). By contrast with product (B) (5.35 kg) and product (A) (5.38 kg), C product's hardness (2.26 kg) was below USP standards (4-6 kg), and its drug release was 85%; however, the assay content was significantly satisfactory (96.98%). Conclusion: The outcomes of this study show a high dissolution rate and quick disintegration time, with assay content falling inside the acceptable range. While the imported products decomposed slowly, within the drug content limit, and had a lower hardness value than USP criteria, the local product had the best results in different characterizations. All results confirm the necessity of continuous monitoring for pharmaceutical products.
Baclofen, Quality Control, Pharmacopeial Standards, Yemen, Generic Drugs
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Self-Medication among Medical Students at UST, Aden, Yemen
Background: Self-medication is known as using drugs to treat self-diagnosed diseases without consulting a physician. Self-medication is a widespread practice worldwide. Objective: This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to self-medication among medical students at the University of Science and Technology (UST), Aden, Yemen. Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample of 265 among medical students at UST. Results: The results revealed that 86.04% of participants practiced self-medication, primarily using analgesics (61.1%), and 85.29% of participants identified self-medication as using medication without a doctor's consultation, 10.56% said it is associated with incorrect dosing or herbal remedies, and 40.0% believed self-medication should be encouraged among medical students. Conclusion: The findings indicate prevalent misconceptions about the risks associated with self-medication, emphasizing the need for enhanced educational programs to promote responsible healthcare practices.
Determinants of the Cholera Outbreak in Taiz City, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Cholera continues to pose a serious public health challenge in Yemen, with Taiz City among the most heavily affected areas. Prolonged armed conflict, deteriorated infrastructure, and limited access to safe water and sanitation have exacerbated the spread of the disease. Objective: This study aimed to assess the key factors contributed to the cholera outbreak in Taiz City, Yemen, to support effective prevention and control strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted between November 24, 2024, and January 24, 2025, at Aljumhuri General Teaching Hospital and the 22 May Center in Taiz. A purposive sample of 100 laboratory-confirmed cholera patients was included. Results: Most participants were female (59%), over 40 years of age (27%), and residents of urban areas (81%). Half of the patients reported insufficient monthly income, and one-third were illiterate. Major risk factors included the absence of water purification practices (78%), poor sewage systems (70%), shortage of safe drinking water (65%), and residence in conflict-affected areas (91%). Significant associations were identified between cholera infection and visiting endemic areas (p = 0.007), consumption of food prepared outside the home (p = 0.049), poor nutritional status related to low income (p < 0.001), and lack of health facilities in rural settings (p < 0.001). Participation in awareness programs was significantly associated with improved knowledge of transmission routes (p = 0.027). Conclusion: Cholera transmission in Taiz is driven by a complex interaction of inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure, poverty, low health awareness, and conflict-related disruption of public services.
Cholera, Taiz City, Yemen, Risk Factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yemeni Journal for Medical Sciences http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Factors Influencing the Dispensing of Refill Medications at the Fourth-Floor Outpatient Pharmacy, Hamad Hospital, Qatar: A Retrospective Observational Study
Background: Refilling prescriptions at outpatient pharmacies is an important part of managing chronic illnesses since it has a big effect on patient safety, following prescription regimens, and the efficiency of the healthcare system. Because there are so many patients and the prescriptions are so complicated. Objective: The study aims to evaluate three primary factors influencing the dispensing of refill medications: inaccuracies in prescription entry by physicians and chemists, the effects of altered appointment dates, and inconsistencies between sanctioned refill quantities and appointment schedules. Methods: Retrospective observational research encompassing 13,500 adult patients with active refill authorizations was executed from January to March 2025. The information came from the outpatient pharmacy on the fourth floor of Qatar's Hamad Hospital. Descriptive and inferential statistics, like t-tests and chi-square tests, were used to look into error rates and how they connect to demographic and prescription-related factors. Results: According to our investigation, the most common mistake was mismatched appointments and refill amounts (37.8%), followed by changes to appointment dates (25.9%) and inaccuracies in physician input (17.3%). Pharmacists made 12.3% of the mistakes, and doctors and pharmacists together made 6.7% of the mistakes. General medicine had the most mistakes (67.3% for mismatches and 63.8% for appointment changes), while pulmonary departments had the most chemistry mistakes (60.0%). Conclusion: Most of the time, mistakes in giving medications happen because of changes in the schedule, checking prescriptions, and conflicts in the schedule.
Medication refill, dispensing errors, appointment scheduling, prescription accuracy, outpatient pharmacy
The Extent of Diabetic Patients’ Adherence to Quarterly HbA1c Testing: A Cross-Sectional Study, Aden, Yemen
Background: Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, estimated to account for 85-90% of diabetes cases. Objective: This study investigates the awareness of diabetic patients in Aden, Yemen about periodic HbA1c testing. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 diabetic patients. Data were collected using questionnaires covering demographic information, diabetes information, HbAlc testing, barriers to HbA1c testing, importance of HbA1c testing, information sources. Adherence and improvement, as well as awareness and support. The analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: Most participants were married women between the ages of 45 and 60, many of whom were housewives; most had type 2 diabetes, but 46.7% were not sure what type of diabetes they had; 85.8% knew about HbA1c testing, but only 35.8% followed the recommended three month testing schedule; obstacles included lack of symptoms, high costs, and busy schedules, Health education was a major factor; approximately 93.3% supported increased awareness with the majority preferring text message reminders. Conclusion: This study's cross-sectional design and structured questionnaire effectively collected important information on diabetic patients’ knowledge about HbA1c testing in Aden. The method worked well for spotting behavioral patterns and awareness gaps that would help improve diabetes care adherence and support focused public health Initiatives.
Diabetes-HbA1c.Monitoring-Patient compliance-Cross-sectional study-Aden-Yemen.
A Comparative Study between Legally Imported and Smuggled Brands of Bisoprolol and Esomeprazole Tablets Marketed in Aden, Yemen
Background: While drugs are legally introduced into the Yemeni pharmaceutical market through local agents under supervision of the Ministry of Public Health and Population (MOPHP), the past year has seen a notable increase in the distribution of smuggled drugs. Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a comparative evaluation of the quality control parameters of both legally imported and smuggled products of bisoprolol (5 mg) and esomeprazole (40 mg) tablets, which are marketed in public pharmacies in Aden, Yemen. Methods: A hundred tablets from each studied brand were purchased from a community pharmacy, and the quality of the studied brands was assessed through evaluation of weight variation, friability, thickness, diameter, hardness, disintegration, and assay tests, as well as identification of drugs by Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrophotometer. Results: The result of this study showed that both legally imported and smuggled tested tablets of bisoprolol conform with quality control standards except the weight variation test of smuggled bisoprolol failed to agree with pharmacopoeias specifications. Furthermore, the legally imported esomeprazole meets the quality control specifications for the tested parameters except the hardness and disintegration tests, while the smuggled esomeprazole complies with all tests but failed to an agreement with specifications for hardness, disintegration, and assay tests, where the result shows a value of 137%. Conclusion: These results highlight the variability in quality across different sourcing pathways and underscore the importance of stringent regulatory oversight and routine quality assessment to ensure the safety, efficacy, and consistency of marketed pharmaceutical products.
Legally imported drugs, smuggled drugs, bisoprolol, esomeprazole, quality control tests
Assessment of Dietary Supplement Use, Awareness, and Energy Expenditure among Gym-goers in Aden Governorate, Yemen
Background: Dietary supplements (DS) containing vitamins, proteins, and minerals are widely used by gym-goers to enhance health, recovery, and performance. However, awareness of their safe use, nutritional adequacy, and energy balance varies considerably. Objective: To assess dietary supplement use, awareness, and energy balance among gym-goers in Aden Governorate, Yemen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 270 gym-goers selected from five gyms using stratified multi-stage sampling. Data on supplement consumption, calorie intake, expenditure, and awareness were collected and analyzed. Results: Of the 270 participants, 64.8% reported using nutritional supplements. Protein powder (26.7%) and creatine (33.7%) were the most commonly consumed, followed by vitamin D (20%), zinc (18.9%), and multivitamins (18.5%). Calcium (8.9%) and biotin (4.4%) were less frequently used, while fat burners, herbal products, and ginseng were reported by fewer than 3%. Most respondents were aware of potential adverse effects (67%) and supplement misuse risks (66.6%); 67.8% sought medical advice, and 51.1% were able to interpret product labels. Reported benefits included muscle building (55.6%), increased energy (33.7%), and weight loss (29.3%). Dietary analysis showed inadequate intake, with all gym-goers consuming <6 g/kg of carbohydrates, 78.9% consuming <20% of calories from fat, and 95.9% consuming ≤1.6 g/kg of protein. Supplement use was significantly associated with education, occupation, income, and awareness (p = 0.001), and protein powder use correlated with higher TDEE (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Supplement use is common among gym-goers but is accompanied by nutritional imbalances and limited awareness of risks. Educational programs are recommended to promote balanced diets and informed, evidence-based supplement use.
Dietary supplements, gym-goers, energy, awareness, metabolic equivalent.
The Influence of Age and Gender on Hematological and Hemostatic Parameters among Healthy University Students in Aden, Yemen
Background: Hematological parameters are vital indicators of health, influenced by demographic factors. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between age and gender with hematological and hemostatic parameters in a cohort of Yemeni university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 apparently healthy students. Data on age and gender were collected via questionnaire. Venous blood was drawn for Complete Blood Count (CBC), Prothrombin Time (PT), and Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) analysis using automated analyzers. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: Significant gender-based disparities were observed. Females exhibited a markedly higher prevalence of abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) levels (58.1%, p=0.0001) compared to males (3.5%). Abnormalities in red blood cell indices (RBCs, MCHC) and platelet (PLT) count were also more common in females, though not always statistically significant. Regarding age, the 18-21 years group showed the highest prevalence of abnormalities suggestive of nutritional deficiencies, specifically in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) (75.9%) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) (82.8%). On the other hand, we found that a prolonged APTT was most common in the small group of participants aged 26-29 years (88.9%, n = 9). Conclusion: Gender significantly influences hematological status, with females showing a higher susceptibility to anemia. Age also affects certain hematological indicators, as mild coagulation changes may emerge in the late twenties, while younger individuals are more prone to nutritional deficiencies. Regular screening and targeted nutritional interventions are recommended for these at-risk populations.
Hematological Parameters, Hemostasis, Age, Gender, University Students, Yemen, Anemia, Coagulation.
Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Preventing Dry Socket: A Prospective Comparative Study in Taiz City, Yemen
Background: One of the most frequent postoperative complications following teeth removal is the development of the so-called dry socket (alveolar osteitis), which is characterized by severe pain and impaired healing. Chlorhexidine has been recommended as a form of preventative treatment. Objective: To determine the efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash in the prevention of dry socket and to identify potential risk factors among patients undergoing tooth extraction in Taiz, Yemen. Methods: A prospective comparative study was done at the University of Science and Technology, Taiz, Yemen, from October 2023 to May 2025. Eighty patients undergoing simple tooth extraction were randomly allocated to one of the two groups, i.e., the chlorhexidine group (n=40) or the control group (n=40). Such data were obtained as age, sex, smoking, qat chewing status, and oral hygiene status. Dry socket was the main outcome, measured at 3- and 7-day follow-ups after the extraction. Chi-square and logistic regression were used in statistical analysis. Results: There was a smaller occurrence of dry socket in the chlorhexidine group (5.0%) in contrast to the control group (12.5%), but this was not significant (p>0.05). The association of poor oral hygiene, smoking, and qat chewing with higher risk of dry socket was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: There was a preventive dry socket effect when using chlorhexidine mouthwash, but the results were not statistically significant. Significant associations were identified between dry socket and smoking, qat chewing, and poor oral hygiene. Despite the non-significant result, chlorhexidine may be a beneficial and low-cost adjunct to postoperative care in Yemen.
Dry socket, alveolar osteitis, chlorhexidine, tooth extraction, Yemen
Antibacterial Resistance Patterns of Urinary Escherichia coli Isolates in Taiz City, Yemen
Background: Antibacterial resistance is a major threat to health, leading to reducing the efficacy of antibacterial agents against infections caused by bacteria. The most causative of bacterial UTIs, especially in Yemen, is E. coli bacteria. Objective: The current study aimed at evaluating the percentage rate and potential causes of isolated urine E. coli resistance to some conventional antibacterial drugs in Taiz city, determining which is the most effective, and comparing the results with other studies. Methods: Thirty urine-isolated E. coli from laboratories in Taiz City, Yemen, were collected, and susceptibility tests to determine the E. coli resistance against some conventional antibacterial drugs were performed. After incubation for 24 hours, the diameter of the inhibitory zones was measured, and the results were recorded. Finally, the average and percentage rates were calculated. Results: The result was as follows: Highest susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (90% S), with no resistance (0% R). Complete resistance to cefotaxime (100% R), contrasting sharply with ceftriaxone (26.7% R). Alarming levofloxacin resistance (56.7% R). Intermediate sensitivity to co-amoxiclav (56.7% I), suggesting dose-dependent efficacy. High resistance (56.7% R) with low sensitivity (33.3% S) to co-trimoxazole. Conclusion: In Taiz City, the current study demonstrates E. coli resists the conventionally used antibiotics that were previously considered the most effective antibiotics used for its UTIs, particularly cefotaxime (100% R) and co-trimoxazole (56.7% R). Nitrofurantoin remains highly effective, while ceftriaxone and levofloxacin have variable susceptibility.
urine isolated, E. coli, resistant, antibacterial, UTIs, conventional, Taiz, Yemen
Knowledge and Perception of Occlusion among Dentists in Aden, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Occlusion is vital in dental diagnosis and treatment, yet little is known about dentists’ knowledge and practices in resource-limited settings such as Aden, Yemen. Objective: To assess the knowledge and perception of occlusion among dentists in Aden and identify gaps related to training, tools, and clinical practice. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2025 involving 188 licensed dentists selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire assessing knowledge (15 MCQs), clinical practices, and perceived barriers. Analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression (p < 0.05). Results: Only 41.5% accurately defined the centric relation. Dentists with postgraduate training were 3.2× more likely to understand functional occlusion (p < 0.001) and had 22% higher knowledge scores (t(186) = 4.1, *p* < 0.001). A hierarchical regression model confirmed that receiving training (β = 0.38, *p* < 0.001) and having tools available (β = 0.29, *p* = 0.002) were significant predictors of higher self-reported confidence in occlusal management, explaining 37% of the variance (Adjusted R² = 0.37, F (5,179) = 18.6, *p* < 0.001). . Public-sector dentists reported significant resource limitations, including a lack of articulators (68% vs. 29% in private clinics). Only 9.8% use digital tools. Conclusion: Knowledge and practice gaps were associated with limited training and resources. Dentists with postgraduate training were 3.2× more knowledgeable, and public-sector clinicians faced major resource shortages. Curricular improvement and wider access to digital tools are recommended.
Occlusion, Dental Education, Clinical Practice, Digital Tools, Yemen
The Influence of Social Media Content on Teeth Whitening Practices among Adults in Taiz, Yemen
Background: Teeth whitening is becoming increasingly popular among adults in Yemen, and part of this is the social media marketing of cosmetic products and procedures. Nevertheless, no research has studied this point in Yemen. Objective: To assess how the content of social media affects teeth whitening behavior, awareness of risks, and use of various platforms among the adults in Taiz, Yemen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 398 subjects older than 18 years in Taiz. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire including demographics, social media use, whitening awareness, practices, and perceptions of risk. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and odds ratio were calculated using SPSS. Results: More than two-thirds of participants (73.4%) had used at least one whitening technique, principally whitening toothpaste and home whitening. More than half (57.8%) reported being directly influenced by social media in their decision to try whitening. Awareness of potential risks (75.9%) did not limit participation in whitening practices. The influence of social media was significantly correlated with whitening behavior (p<0.001), whereas heavy users (>4 h/day) were less likely to whiten than moderate users (p=0.0002). Gender differences were not significant, but undergraduates were more likely than other education groups to whiten (p<0.001). Conclusion: Whitening behaviors in adults in Taiz are strongly affected by social media. People still engage in risky behaviors even though they are aware of them. These conclusions are important, as they reflect that health authorities and professionals in the field of dentistry have to provide clear and evidence-based messages via social media.
Teeth whitening, Social media, cosmetic dentistry, Yemen
In-Vitro Quality Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Five Diclofenac Sodium Tablet Brands Marketed in Hodeida, Yemen
Background: In developing countries like Yemen, political instability and economic sanctions have led to compromised pharmaceutical quality control. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the quality control tests of five brands of enteric-coated 50 mg diclofenac sodium (DS) tablet formulations on the Yemeni market. Methods: Physical parameters such as diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time, dissolution profile, and assay were evaluated. Validated UV spectroscopic and RP-HPLC methods assessed accuracy, linearity, and precision and were used to determine the drug content. Each brand was tested according to pharmacopeial standards for solid oral dosage forms. All tested brands (coded DS1–DS5) conformed to pharmacopeial specifications. Results: Weight variation ranged from 1.01±0.29% to 2.01±0.14%, with hardness between 58.9 ± 2.21 N and 146.1±0.7 N. Potency results from UV and HPLC methods were statistically similar with the paired test. The potency values ranged from 92.68% to 100.51%. Friability assessments showed less than 1% mass loss in all samples, adhering to USP limits. Disintegration times averaged ≤ 20 minutes across brands. In vitro drug release after 2 hours in 0.1 N HCl was minimal drug release (2.55±0.24% to 4.47±0.31%), indicating limited dissolution in gastric conditions, while in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), all formulations released over 90% of the drug within 60 minutes, indicating efficient release of the drug in the more alkaline environment of the intestine. Conclusion: The evaluated diclofenac sodium tablets marketed in Yemen met pharmacopeial standards and possessed the quality parameters necessary for effective therapeutic use.
Diclofenac Sodium, Enteric-coated tablets, Pharmaceutical quality control, Dissolution profile, RP-HPLC and UV spectrophotometry, Yemen.
Prevalence and Severity of Depression among Women in Aden, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Depression is more common among women than men. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of depression among adult women in Aden, Yemen, and to determine the associated sociodemographic factors contributing to increasing the prevalence of depression among those women. Methods: A total of 240 women were enrolled in this analytical cross-sectional study. The PHQ-9 structured questionnaire was used for evaluation of the depression and its severity, and data were analyzed using the SPSS. Results: the response rate was 69.97% (240/343). The majority of women were 75.8% single, 80.8% postgraduate educated, and 78.8% had medium socioeconomic status. The prevalence of depression among women was 83.3%. The highest significant depression rates were 92.5% and 90.7% in the age group 25-28 years and the age group >28 years, respectively (p=0.023), and 100% among divorced women (p=0.0001). According to the severity of depression, 33.8% of women had mild depression, 16.3% had moderate depression, and 33.3% had severe depression. The highest significant prevalence for severe depression was 89.8% among women in the age group >28 years, 100% among divorced women, 70.6% among postgraduate-educated women, and 45.3% among those women who had a medium income (p=.0001). Conclusions: The prevalence of depression among women in Yemen was the highest compared to global rates. The depression among women is associated with age and marital status. The severity of depression is strongly associated with different sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, including age, marital status, education, and income. Severe depression is significantly associated with the age group 25–28 years, divorced women, postgraduate-educated women, and medium-income women.
Persistent Unexplained Diarrhea in a 4-Month-Old Infant: A Case Report from a Limited-Resource Setting
Background: Persistent diarrhea in young infants is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in low-resource settings. Etiologies are diverse, including infectious, immunological, and metabolic causes. However, diagnostic limitations often obscure the underlying pathology. Case Summary: We report the case of a 4-month-old female infant with persistent watery diarrhea since the neonatal period, unresponsive to empirical treatments. Initial findings included severe hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, azotemia, and elevated liver enzymes. Stool tests revealed reducing substances, suggestive of carbohydrate malabsorption. Despite multiple dietary trials and supportive care, the infant failed to thrive. Differential diagnoses included secondary lactose intolerance, cow’s milk protein allergy, immunodeficiency, and rare congenital enteropathies. Referral to a tertiary center was recommended, but a definitive diagnosis could not be achieved due to limited diagnostic resources. Conclusion: This case highlights the challenges of managing persistent infantile diarrhea in low-resource settings and underscores the need for simplified diagnostic algorithms, provider training, and expanded access to tertiary care.
Persistent diarrhea, infant, malabsorption, lactose intolerance, immunodeficiency, limited-resource settings, failure to thrive
The Growing Trend of Filter Khaini Smokeless Tobacco Use among Male University Students in Aden, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Background: Smokeless tobacco products, particularly Filter Khaini (locally known as AL-HOT), are increasingly popular in Yemen, especially among young adults. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AL-HOT use among male university students in Aden and explore its associations with demographic factors, concurrent risk behaviors, and health perceptions. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between February and April 2025 among 1,000 male undergraduate students aged 18–30 years from public and private universities in Aden. Data were collected using a culturally adapted, self-administered questionnaire based on the WHO Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Descriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics, and chi-square tests (p < 0.05) assessed associations between AL-HOT use and independent variables. Results: Overall, 82.9% of participants were aware of AL-HOT, and 27.1% reported ever using it. Among users, 68.3% reported daily use and 31.7% less frequent use. AL-HOT use was significantly associated with cigarette smoking, e-cigarette use, qat chewing, and energy drink consumption (all p = 0.001), but not related to demographic factors. Daily users were more likely to perceive AL-HOT as less harmful than cigarettes (81.8%), consider it socially acceptable (84.8%), and report higher dependence and gastrointestinal symptoms. While most users acknowledged its addictiveness and supported awareness campaigns, daily users were less supportive of campus bans. Conclusion: AL-HOT use among male university students in Aden is common and closely linked to other risky behaviors, shaped by misconceptions of reduced harm and social acceptance. Culturally tailored prevention and policy interventions are urgently needed to curb smokeless tobacco use in this population.
Smokeless tobacco, Shammah Al-HOT, Filter Khaini, University students, Aden, Yemen.
Utilization of Contraception Methods and Side Effects among Women Attending the Maternal and Child Healthcare Centers in Mukalla City, Hadhramout, Yemen
Background: One of the main methods of family planning involves use of contraceptives to reduce the chance of pregnancy. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the utilization of contraception methods and the side effects among women attending the maternal and child healthcare (MCH) centers in Mukalla city, Hadhramout, Yemen. Methods: A Cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2022 among 422 women were attending the maternal and child healthcare (MCH) centers in Mukalla city and using contraception method. The data was collected by face to face interview and by using structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed by using statistical package for social science (SPSS version 24) software. Results: We analyzed data from 422 participants: 210 oral contraceptive pills users, 108 implanon users, 81 intrauterine device users and 23 injectable users. Most of the women (49.5%) were using oral contraceptive pills for birth control. A total of 78.7% of participants experienced at least one side effect, of which hair loss (48.6%), abnormal vaginal bleeding (44.4%), amenorrhea (43.5%) and mood swings (37.0%) were most common. Survey results showed a significant association between side effects and duration contraception use (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of modern method of contraceptive among the women was high. Also, the side effects observed were high. Greater attention should be paid to understanding the unique contributions of side effects to contraceptive behavior using population based data. Providing greater individualized care that includes information and counseling about common side effects.
family planning; contraception methods; side-effects; oral contraceptives; intrauterine device; Yemen.
Prevalence, Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation and Management of Cerebral Palsy in Sana'a City, Yemen
Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the leading cause of physical disability in children, with prevalence varying widely between high-income and low- and middle-income countries. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, and management strategies of CP among children in Sana’a, Yemen. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at two tertiary hospitals in Sana’a for 2 years; from January 2016 to December 2017. A total of 304,000 pediatric records were reviewed, of which 105 complete records of CP patients were analyzed. Data on sociodemographic factors, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations, and management were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Results: The prevalence of CP was 0.03%. The majority of patients were male (66.7%) and under five years of age (61.9%). In more than half of the cases, the etiology was unknown (52.4%), while perinatal asphyxia was the predominant identifiable risk factor (29.5%). Gross motor delay (69.5%) and quadriplegia (59.0%) were the most frequent clinical features. Pediatric and orthopedic referrals were the predominant consultations, and CT scans often revealed mild brain atrophy (31.4%). Antispastic medications were the most frequently used management strategy (58.1%). Conclusion: CP in Sana’a, Yemen, shows a predominance in males and young children, with perinatal asphyxia as a leading risk factor. Gross motor delay and quadriplegia were the main clinical features. Improving perinatal care and establishing a multidisciplinary management approach may reduce the burden of CP in similar settings.
Current Insights into Epstein - Barr virus Prevalence and Clinical Impact among Kidney Transplant Recipients in Iraq: An Updated Review
Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a major concern in kidney transplantation, contributing to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), graft dysfunction, and allograft loss. In Iraq, data on EBV prevalence among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are scarce, with most evidence derived from hemodialysis patients. Objective: To systematically review the prevalence and clinical impact of EBV in Iraqi KTRs and assess associated risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Iraqi repositories was conducted. Eligible studies on EBV prevalence and outcomes in KTRs and hemodialysis were screened, appraised, and synthesized following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Available Iraqi studies indicate variable EBV prevalence in KTRs and hemodialysis, with risk factors including intensive immunosuppression, lymphocyte-depleting therapies, donor and graft characteristics, co-infections, recipient age, and post-transplant timing. Diagnostic strategies reported include donor-recipient serostatus, quantitative EBV PCR, and histopathology. Emerging therapeutic options, particularly EBV-specific adoptive T-cell therapy, show promise in reducing reactivation and preserving graft function. Conclusion: EBV poses a significant but understudied risk in Iraqi KTRs. Consolidating regional evidence with international insights highlights the urgent need for targeted EBV surveillance and management strategies to improve transplant outcomes in Iraq.
Epstein–Barr virus; Kidney Transplant Recipients; PTLD; Immunosuppression; Iraq
Evaluation of Diuretic and Antibacterial Activities of Tribulus terrestris Ethanolic Extract
Background: Renal disorders like urinary tract infections and imbalances in body fluids and electrolytes still create significant health and economic challenges, particularly in areas with fewer resources. Objective: This study aimed to assess the diuretic and antibacterial effects of the ethanol extract of Tribulus terrestris (EETT) through both in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches. Methods: The diuretic activities of ethanol extract of Tribulus terrestris (EETT) were evaluated in rodent models, while its antibacterial potential was investigated in vitro. Diuretic activity was assessed in rats by measuring urine output and electrolyte excretion (sodium, potassium, and chloride) following administration of EETT at the different doses; furosemide served as the reference diuretic. Antibacterial activity was tested in vitro using the disc diffusion technique on four bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results: EETT produced a dose-dependent diuretic effect, with the highest dose (450 mg/kg) significantly increasing urine output (p < 0.05) and sodium excretion (p < 0.01) to levels comparable with furosemide. Potassium excretion also rose significantly, whereas chloride excretion decreased at higher doses, suggesting a possible chloride-sparing mechanism. Antibacterial testing revealed moderate inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23 mm), while Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibited no detectable susceptibility under current testing conditions. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Tribulus terrestris showed dose-dependent diuretic effects and moderate antibacterial activity. These findings support further research, including clinical studies, to explore its potential as a complementary treatment for kidney-related disorders.
Awareness and Knowledge of Drug-Laboratory Test Interferences among Medical Laboratory Technologists in Yemen
Background: Drug-laboratory test interactions (DLTIs) can mislead the health care professionals and provide incorrect information regarding the patient’s health status. To date there are no specific courses in medical laboratory science curricula in Yemen that specialize in this topic. Objective: This study aims to reveal the knowledge about DLTIs among laboratory technologists in Yemen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 11 governorates in Yemen to evaluate the awareness about DLTIs among laboratory technologists. An electronic questionnaire was distributed, and responses were analyzed. Results: A total of 396 laboratory technologists participated in this study. The majority of respondents (96.4%) reported that certain medications can affect laboratory test results, and 89.4% of participants showed knowledge about common medication interferences, but specific drug class awareness varied considerably. Only 53 (13.3%) had received formal training on drug-laboratory test interference and scored the highest in the knowledge questions. Conclusion: Formal training on DLTIs is important to ensure accurate laboratory test results.
Knowledge and Practices of Radiation Protection among Dental Students in Aden, Yemen
Background: Dental radiography is indispensable for diagnosis, but unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation should be minimized according to ALARA/ALADA principles. Objective: This study aimed to assess knowledge and practices related to radiation protection among fourth- and fifth‑year dental students in Aden, Yemen. Methods: Analytic cross‑sectional survey of fourth- and fifth‑year students from public and private dental schools in Aden. A total of 400 students were invited, 270 responded, and 21 incomplete questionnaires were excluded, leaving 249 valid responses (response rate 62.25%). A web‑based questionnaire with 15 multiple‑choice items covered knowledge and practice domains. Sampling was convenience‑based due to logistical constraints. Chi‑square tests compared responses by year (α = 0.05). Results: Overall, 79.9% agreed that dental X‑rays are harmful. Significant differences (Level 4 vs Level 5) were observed for awareness of collimators/filters (32.3% vs 51.3%; p = 0.012), preference not to hold films by hand (58.6% vs 85.3%; p < 0.001), recognition that high‑speed film reduces dose (40.4% vs 70.7%; p < 0.001), and knowledge of operator safety distance (44.4% vs 80.7%; p < 0.001). Lead apron use was reported as preferred by 65.1%, but non‑availability was the most cited barrier. Most participants (86.3%) intended to adhere to radiation‑protection protocols in future practice. Conclusion: Important gaps persist in specific protection concepts (e.g., rectangular collimation, film holding, and distance rule). Targeted curriculum reinforcement and reliable access to protective resources are needed to translate knowledge into consistent practice.
Dental radiography, radiation protection, awareness, dental students, Yemen